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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome.

Jane Cleary-Goldman1, Fergal D Malone, Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian

  • 1Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. jcgoldman@mfmnyc.com

Obstetrics and Gynecology
|July 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal thyroid hypofunction, including subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia, showed no consistent association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. While subclinical hypothyroidism was not linked to complications, hypothyroxinemia was associated with preterm labor and macrosomia in the first trimester.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Maternal thyroid function is crucial for fetal development.
  • Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy can potentially lead to adverse outcomes.
  • Understanding the specific risks associated with different types of maternal thyroid hypofunction is essential for effective prenatal care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy complications.
  • To differentiate the risks posed by subclinical hypothyroidism versus hypothyroxinemia.
  • To assess the impact of antithyroid antibodies on pregnancy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples from 10,990 pregnant patients were analyzed for TSH, free T4, and thyroid antibodies in the first and second trimesters.
  • Thyroid hypofunction was defined as subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia based on TSH and free T4 levels.
  • Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to compare outcomes between hypothyroid and euthyroid patients, adjusting for confounders.

Main Results:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism (2.2%) was not associated with adverse outcomes.
  • Hypothyroxinemia (2.1-2.3%) in the first trimester was linked to preterm labor and macrosomia.
  • Hypothyroxinemia in the second trimester was associated with gestational diabetes.
  • Antithyroid antibodies were associated with an increased risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal thyroid hypofunction does not present a uniform pattern of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Specific conditions like hypothyroxinemia and the presence of antithyroid antibodies warrant attention due to their associations with certain complications.