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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Thyroid dysfunction in Down syndrome.

C K Shaw1, A Thapalial, S Nanda

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. shaw_1974@rediffmail.com

Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ)
|July 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that 15.6% of children with Down syndrome have hypothyroidism, a common thyroid dysfunction. Regular screening for thyroid issues in these children is recommended to manage potential health complications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is frequently associated with thyroid dysfunction, primarily hypothyroidism.
  • Co-occurring conditions in DS can exacerbate health issues, making thyroid function monitoring crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in children with Down syndrome under 14 years.
  • To investigate correlations between Down syndrome features and thyroid dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 32 children with Down syndrome.
  • Classification into euthyroid, compensated hypothyroidism, and uncompensated hypothyroidism groups based on T3, T4, and TSH levels.
  • Statistical comparison of features using the student's t-test.

Main Results:

  • Hypothyroidism was identified in 15.6% of cases (5/32), including 3.1% uncompensated and 12.5% compensated.
  • No cases of hyperthyroidism were observed.
  • Higher hypothyroidism prevalence in infants (0-1 year) suggests congenital hypothyroidism, while in older children (9-12 years) it may indicate acquired forms. Developmental quotients and Rao's indices showed non-significant differences between hypothyroid and euthyroid DS groups.

Conclusions:

  • Routine thyroid dysfunction screening is essential for all children with Down syndrome.
  • Early detection and management of thyroid dysfunction can mitigate associated health problems in this population.