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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
Mass Spectrometers01:16

Mass Spectrometers

This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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PET & SPECT instrumentation.

Virginia C Spanoudaki1, Sibylle I Ziegler

  • 1Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany. v.spanoudaki@lrz.tu-muenchen.de

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are nuclear imaging techniques detecting gamma rays for clinical use. This work summarizes their principles, image generation, and factors affecting image quality.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear medicine
  • Medical imaging
  • Radiopharmaceuticals

Background:

  • Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are key nuclear medical imaging modalities.
  • These techniques rely on detecting gamma rays emitted after administering radioactive tracers.
  • They are widely applied in both clinical diagnostics and preclinical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the fundamental principles of gamma ray detection in PET and SPECT.
  • To explain the image generation processes for both PET and SPECT.
  • To discuss factors that can degrade the quality of medical images produced by these methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic principles of gamma ray detection.
  • Explanation of image reconstruction algorithms in PET and SPECT.
  • Analysis of image quality metrics and degradation factors.

Main Results:

  • PET offers high sensitivity for detecting picomolar tracer concentrations in vivo.
  • Current PET technology provides millimeter spatial resolution, while SPECT offers submillimeter resolution.
  • Understanding of image degradation effects is crucial for accurate interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • PET and SPECT are powerful nuclear imaging tools with distinct characteristics.
  • The principles of gamma ray detection and image generation are central to their application.
  • Minimizing image quality degradation is essential for reliable clinical and preclinical outcomes.