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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity02:24

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
Reversible agents containing quaternary amines, such as neostigmine and edrophonium, are not easily absorbed orally because they are...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions00:59

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine on postsynaptic muscarinic receptors to generate parasympathetic responses. These agents elicit a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular effects. For example, activation of muscarinic receptors induces bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, reduced peripheral resistance, and consequent hypotension. In the eye, stimulation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
06:49

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Published on: November 20, 2016

Optical agents.

Kai Licha1, Michael Schirner, Gavin Henry

  • 1migenion GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4-8, 10115, Berlin, Germany. licha@migenion.com

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel fluorescent probes are advancing biomedical diagnostics through optical imaging. This review covers fluorophores, probe systems, and nanoprobes for in-vivo disease studies in animals and humans.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
06:49

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Published on: November 20, 2016

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo
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Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy
07:12

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Published on: September 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical diagnostics
  • Optical imaging techniques
  • Molecular imaging

Background:

  • Optical imaging is a rapidly advancing field in biomedical diagnostics.
  • Development of novel fluorescent markers is crucial for molecular-level in-vivo studies.
  • These studies are vital for understanding disease progression in animal models and potential human clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse range of fluorophores used in optical imaging probes.
  • To discuss various probe systems including non-specific, targeted, and activatable probes.
  • To highlight recent advancements in fluorescent nanoprobes and multimodality constructs for enhanced imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on optical imaging and fluorescent probes.
  • Analysis of different types of fluorophores and their applications.
  • Examination of probe design strategies, including nanoprobes and multimodality systems.

Main Results:

  • A wide array of fluorophores are employed in developing advanced optical imaging probes.
  • Probe systems vary from non-specific to targeted and activatable, offering diverse applications.
  • Emerging trends include fluorescent nanoprobes and multimodality constructs for comprehensive diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescent probes are fundamental to the progress of optical imaging in biomedical diagnostics.
  • Continued innovation in fluorophore and probe design will drive in-vivo molecular imaging capabilities.
  • Future developments promise enhanced disease detection and monitoring from laboratory to clinical settings.