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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

RAX is required for fly neuronal development and mouse embryogenesis.

Richard L Bennett¹, William L Blalock, Eun-Jung Choi

¹University of Florida, Shands Cancer Center, Kevin Cameron Laboratory, 1376 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103633, Gainesville, FL 32610-3633, USA.

Mechanisms of Development

|July 19, 2008

Summary

RAX protein is essential for embryonic development in both fruit flies and mice. Loss of RAX function in flies causes severe nervous system defects, while in mice, it leads to embryonic lethality before implantation.

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Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

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Published on: November 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Genetics
Neuroscience

Background:

RAX protein is a known activator of protein kinase PKR and a component of RNA-induced silencing complexes.
Its role in transcription regulation and broader developmental functions remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo function of RAX in multicellular organisms.
To characterize the developmental consequences of RAX gene disruption in Drosophila and mice.

Main Methods:

Generated a transposon insertion mutant in the 5' UTR of Drosophila RAX (dRax).
Generated mice with a targeted deletion of the entire Rax gene (exons 1-8).
Phenotypic analysis of mutant organisms, including developmental, neurological, and reproductive assessments.

Main Results:

Drosophila dRax mutants exhibited abnormal central nervous system axon structure, reduced viability, sterility in females, reduced fertility in males, and impaired locomotion.
Mice heterozygous for Rax deletion were viable, but homozygous mutants were not observed, indicating embryonic lethality.
Rax is expressed in preimplantation blastocysts, suggesting a critical role in early mouse development.

Conclusions:

RAX is crucial for normal embryonic development in both insects and mammals.
Disruption of RAX leads to severe neurological defects and developmental arrest in Drosophila.
Complete loss of Rax function results in embryonic lethality at the preimplantation stage in mice.