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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Published on: July 9, 2015

Selective oxidation using gold.

Cristina Della Pina¹, Ermelinda Falletta, Laura Prati

¹Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian, 21-20133, Milano, Italy.

Chemical Society Reviews

|September 3, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gold nanoparticles are revolutionizing catalysis, enabling selective oxidation of organic compounds. This review highlights their use in producing valuable chemicals like propylene oxide and vinyl acetate monomer.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

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Published on: July 9, 2015

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Published on: November 27, 2013

Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

Published on: October 4, 2011

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Nanoscale gold particles exhibit unique catalytic properties.
Gold is a biocompatible and non-toxic metal.
Recent advancements focus on selective oxidation reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent developments in gold catalysis for selective oxidation.
To highlight the contribution of gold nanoparticles to catalysis.
To correlate catalytic properties with catalyst morphology.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on gold catalysis.
Analysis of studies on selective oxidation of organic compounds.
Correlation of catalyst morphology with catalytic performance.

Main Results:

Nanoscale gold catalysts offer high stability and selectivity.
Gold catalysts facilitate the production of valuable chemicals from organic feedstocks.
Optimized synthesis routes for industrial products have been explored.

Conclusions:

Gold nanoparticles represent a new generation of effective catalysts.
Further research can optimize gold catalyst synthesis and application.
International collaboration is advancing gold catalysis for industrial applications.