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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Internal momentum state mapping using high harmonic radiation.

Xinhua Xie1, Armin Scrinzi, Marlene Wickenhauser

  • 1Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, EU.

Physical Review Letters
|September 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers reveal new features in how electrons tunnel from atoms under intense laser light. This discovery enables novel methods for measuring laser pulses and generating attosecond extreme ultraviolet or X-ray pulses.

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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical (AMO) Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Nonlinear Optics

Background:

  • Understanding electron behavior in strong laser fields is crucial for attosecond science.
  • Ionization and high harmonic generation (HHG) are fundamental processes in strong-field physics.
  • Electronic states with nonvanishing angular momentum present unique challenges and opportunities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically demonstrate novel features in ionization and HHG from bound states with electronic angular momentum.
  • To explore the potential of these features for new measurement and pulse production techniques.
  • To investigate the relationship between angularly asymmetric tunneling and HHG intensity variations.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of strong laser-matter interactions.
  • Analysis of electron dynamics in bound states with nonvanishing angular momentum.
  • Theoretical modeling of ionization and high harmonic generation processes.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of previously undescribed features in ionization and HHG.
  • Observation of angularly asymmetric tunneling from these states.
  • Mapping of tunneling asymmetry to variations in high harmonic intensities.
  • Proposal for generating near-circularly polarized isolated attosecond extreme ultraviolet or X-ray pulses.

Conclusions:

  • The modified response of states with electronic angular momentum to strong laser fields offers new possibilities.
  • Angularly asymmetric tunneling provides a sensitive probe for characterizing laser-matter interactions.
  • The demonstrated methods pave the way for advanced attosecond pulse generation and measurement schemes.