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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

[Pharmacogenetic testing: soon before every prescription?].

Thierry Buclin¹, Sara Colombo, Jérôme Biollaz

¹Division de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne.

Revue Medicale Suisse

|September 5, 2008

Summary

Pharmacogenetic testing identifies genetic variations impacting drug response across numerous systems. Further trials are needed to assess its role in safe and effective personalized medicine, considering ethical implications.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Pharmacogenetics and Genomics
Drug Metabolism and Transport
Immunogenetics

Context:

Over 200 biological systems, including drug-metabolizing enzymes (cytochromes P450), transporters, and immune determinants, are influenced by genetic polymorphisms.
Pharmacogenetic testing, which profiles individual genetic variations, is becoming increasingly accessible for clinical application.

Purpose:

To review recent advancements in the pharmacogenetics of key drug classes, such as tamoxifen, oral anticoagulants, and anti-HIV agents.
To critically evaluate the potential impact of pharmacogenetic testing on pharmaceutical prescription practices.
To assess the contributions and limitations of pharmacogenetics in enhancing the rational and safe use of medications.

Summary:

Genetic variations significantly affect how individuals respond to drugs, involving a wide array of biological pathways.
The review highlights progress in understanding pharmacogenetics for tamoxifen, anticoagulants, and anti-HIV drugs, examining their clinical utility.
Pharmacogenetic profiling offers potential for personalized medicine but requires further validation through controlled trials.

Impact:

Pharmacogenetic testing holds promise for optimizing drug selection and dosing, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes and reduced adverse drug reactions.
Prospective controlled trials are essential to validate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of large-scale pharmacogenetic implementation in clinical practice.
Addressing the ethical, social, and psychological considerations associated with widespread pharmacogenetic testing is crucial for responsible integration into healthcare.