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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Cognitive function in untreated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Mary H Samuels1

  • 1Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. samuelsm@ohsu.edu

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|September 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction may cause mood and cognitive changes. While overt thyroid disease shows few cognitive deficits, subtle issues in working memory and executive function, along with mood alterations, are noted.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The brain is a key target for thyroid hormone.
  • Thyroid dysfunction can impact mood and cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in cognitive neuroscience for assessing cognitive domains in thyroid dysfunction.
  • To evaluate the relationship between thyroid function and cognitive and mood alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent population-based studies.
  • Analysis of interventional and functional imaging studies.
  • Assessment of mood symptoms like depression and anxiety.

Main Results:

  • Overt and subclinical thyroid disease show no major cognitive deficits in population studies.
  • Subtle deficits in working memory and executive function are suggested by interventional and imaging studies.
  • Increased rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms are common.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive decrements in thyroid dysfunction are often minor or unrelated to thyroid status.
  • Mood alterations are more common and may improve with treatment.