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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities
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Developmental immunotoxicology: focus on health risks.

Rodney R Dietert1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, C5-135 VMC, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniVersity, North Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. rrd1@cornell.edu

Chemical Research in Toxicology
|September 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Early life exposure to toxicants can cause developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), leading to long-term immune system dysfunction. Protecting children

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Immunology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chronic diseases often involve immune dysfunction, highlighting the importance of immune system development.
  • The developing immune system is uniquely vulnerable to environmental toxicants during critical prenatal and perinatal windows.
  • Early-life toxicant exposure can result in persistent immune dysregulation, increasing long-term health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the critical link between early-life chemical exposures and developmental immunotoxicity (DIT).
  • To underscore the significance of DIT in the pathogenesis of childhood and adult chronic diseases.
  • To emphasize the inadequacy of adult-based safety data for predicting DIT risks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on developmental immunotoxicity and environmental exposures.

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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

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  • Analysis of how toxicant exposure timing and dose impact immune system maturation.
  • Consideration of factors like offspring gender and genetic background in DIT outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • Developmental immunotoxicity results from exposure during critical immune development windows.
    • The same toxicant can induce different immune dysfunctions and diseases based on exposure timing.
    • DIT risks are significantly higher from early-life exposures compared to adult exposures.

    Conclusions:

    • Developmental immunotoxicity is a key factor in many significant childhood chronic diseases.
    • Standard toxicity testing based on adult exposure data is insufficient for assessing DIT.
    • Robust safety testing for DIT is crucial for safeguarding children's health.