Novel approaches to the design of halftone masks for analog lithography

We report novel approaches to the design of halftone masks for analog lithography. The approaches are derived from interferometric phase contrast. In a first step we show that the interferometric phase-contrast method with detour holograms can be reduced into a single binary mask. In a second step we introduce the interferometric phase-contrast method by interference of the object wavefront with the conjugate object wavefront. This method also allows for a design of a halftone mask. To use kinoform holograms as halftone phase masks, we show in a third step the combination of the zeroth-order phase-contrast technique with the interferometric phase-contrast method.