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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
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The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

Muscles of the Abdomen

The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
07:41

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

The levator aponeurosis exposed.

Rebecca R Stack1, Andrew M Thompson, Robert G Weatherhead

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|September 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilateral upper eyelid ptosis occurred in an HIV-positive patient with facial lipodystrophy. This condition may be linked to antiretroviral therapy, specifically levator aponeurosis dehiscence.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global health concern.
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved HIV management.
  • Facial lipodystrophy is a known complication of HAART.

Observation:

  • A case of bilateral upper eyelid ptosis is presented in an HIV-infected patient.
  • The patient exhibited severe antiretroviral-associated facial lipodystrophy.
  • The ptosis features, treatment, and outcome were documented.

Findings:

  • Levator aponeurosis dehiscence was observed.
  • This dehiscence is potentially directly associated with HAART-induced lipodystrophy.
  • The findings suggest a link between antiretroviral therapy and eyelid complications.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a potential ophthalmic complication of HAART.
  • Understanding this association may improve patient monitoring and management.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms linking lipodystrophy and ptosis.