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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Cytokines that regulate autoimmunity.

Caroline Diveu1, Mandy J McGeachy, Daniel J Cua

  • 1Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma (formerly DNAX Research Institute), 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto CA 94304, United States.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|October 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cytokines like TGFbeta and IL-6 drive Th17 cell development, while IL-23 activates them. Conversely, IL-27 suppresses Th17 and Th1 immune responses by inducing IL-10.

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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cytokines are crucial regulators of inflammatory and immune responses.
  • T helper 17 (Th17) cells play significant roles in immunity and autoimmune diseases.
  • Interleukin-12 (IL-12) family members, including IL-23 and IL-27, are key modulators of immune cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct roles of IL-23 and IL-27 in regulating Th17 cell responses.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which these cytokines influence inflammatory pathways.
  • To explore the potential of targeting these cytokines in autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated cytokine signaling pathways involved in T cell differentiation.
  • Utilized cell culture systems to study Th17 cell commitment and function.
  • Analyzed cytokine production, including IL-10, in response to IL-23 and IL-27 stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) synergize to promote RORgamma-dependent Th17 cell lineage commitment.
  • Interleukin-23 (IL-23) activates Th17 cell effector functions, contributing to skin, lung, and mucosal immunity.
  • Interleukin-27 (IL-27) exhibits an opposing function by inducing Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and downregulating Th17 and Th1-mediated pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokine balance is critical for controlling immune responses and preventing autoimmunity.
  • IL-23 and IL-27 exert opposing effects on Th17 cell-driven inflammation.
  • IL-27's immunosuppressive properties, via IL-10 induction, offer a potential therapeutic avenue for autoimmune diseases.