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Contact allergy in children referred for patch testing: North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 2001-2004
Kathryn A Zug1, Daniel McGinley-Smith, Erin M Warshaw
1Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA. Kathryn.A.Zug@Hitchcock.org
Insights
Children and adults show similar rates of allergic contact dermatitis. However, the specific allergens causing reactions differ between pediatric and adult populations, highlighting unique sensitivities in children.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Allergology
- Pediatric Health
Background:
- Contact allergy is a significant health concern in both children and adults.
- Patch testing is crucial for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis.
- North American data on pediatric contact allergy prevalence is limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the frequency of positive and relevant patch tests in North American children.
- To compare patch test results between pediatric and adult populations.
- To compare North American findings with international data on childhood contact allergy.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data (2001-2004).
- Inclusion of 391 pediatric patients (0-18 years) and 9,670 adult patients (≥19 years).
- Definition of relevant positive patch tests as clinically significant to the patient's eczematous condition.
Main Results:
- No significant difference in the frequency of relevant positive patch tests between children (51.2%) and adults (54.1%).
- Most common allergens in children: nickel, cobalt chloride, thimerosal, neomycin sulfate, gold sodium thiosulfate, fragrance mix.
- Children with relevant positive reactions had higher rates of atopic dermatitis diagnosis (34.0%) compared to adults (11.2%).
Conclusions:
- Adults and children exhibit similar likelihoods of allergic contact dermatitis.
- The specific allergens responsible for contact dermatitis vary between pediatric and adult populations.
- Further investigation into allergens not included in standard patch test series is warranted for children.
Objectives:
To determine the frequency of positive and relevant patch tests in children referred for patch testing in North America; to compare results of patch testing children and adults; and to compare our results with international data on contact allergy in children.
Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2004. Patch test reactions for allergens that were positive and considered of clinical importance to the patient's eczematous problem were defined as being of current or past relevance.
Setting:
Clinical patch test data from 13 NACDG members, primarily a referral population.
Patients:
The pediatric population (hereafter referred to as "children") was defined as patients aged 0 to 18 years (n = 391). Patients 19 years and older constituted the comparison adult group (n = 9670).
Main Outcome Measures:
The frequency of positive patch test reactions and number of relevant ones. Secondary measures included the association of atopic markers, frequency of irritant reactions, and sources of relevant supplementary allergens.
Results:
No significant difference in the overall frequency of at least 1 relevant positive patch test reaction was noted in children (51.2%) compared with adults (54.1%). The most frequent positive reactions in children were to nickel (28.3%), cobalt chloride (17.9%), thimerosal (15.3%), neomycin sulfate (8.0%), gold sodium thiosulfate (7.7%), and fragrance mix (5.1%). For children aged 0 to 18 the most frequent relevant positive reactions were to nickel sulfate (26.0%), cobalt (12.4%), neomycin (4.4%), fragrance mix (4.1%), gold (3.6%), and quaternium 15 (3.6%). The frequency of irritant reactions in adults and children was similar. Of the children with a relevant positive reaction, 34.0% had atopic dermatitis included as one of their final diagnoses, compared with 11.2% of adults (P < .001). Fifteen percent and 39% of children had relevant allergens not included in the NACDG series and a commercially available skin patch test (T.R.U.E. TEST [thin-layer rapid use epicutaneous test], panel 1.1 and 2.1; Allerderm, Phoenix, Arizona), respectively.
Conclusions:
Adults and children in this group are equally likely to have allergic contact dermatitis; frequency of relevant allergen reactions differs.
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