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Related Concept Videos

Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
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Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
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Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.

Sharon M Watkins1, Andrew Reich, Lora E Fleming

  • 1Aquatic Toxins Program, Division of Environmental Health, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1712, USA. Sharon_Watkins@doh.state.fl.us

Marine Drugs
|November 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by brevetoxins from Karenia brevis. While monitoring reduces cases, outbreaks linked to recreational shellfish consumption still occur, causing neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Keywords:
Karenia brevisNSPNeurotoxic Shellfish Poisoningbrevetoxinsepidemiologyharmful algal blooms (HABs)human healthred tide

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is a significant public health concern linked to brevetoxin contamination in shellfish, primarily from Karenia brevis blooms (Florida red tide).
  • Routine monitoring of shellfish beds in the US and globally has minimized reported NSP cases, yet outbreaks persist, often associated with recreational harvesting during or after red tide events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of NSP and discuss recent advancements in understanding brevetoxin-producing organisms and their impact.
  • To provide updated recommendations for enhancing the prevention of NSP.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing epidemiological data on NSP cases and outbreaks.
  • Analysis of recent research on new brevetoxin-producing species, accumulating marine organisms, and brevetoxin toxicity and detection methods.

Main Results:

  • Brevetoxins are potent neurotoxins that target voltage-sensitive sodium channels, leading to nerve depolarization and a range of symptoms including gastrointestinal distress and neurological deficits.
  • While fatalities are rare, hospitalizations occur due to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, ataxia, slurred speech, dizziness, and in severe cases, paralysis and respiratory distress.
  • Emerging research identifies new harmful algal bloom species producing brevetoxins and additional marine species that accumulate these toxins, alongside refined toxicity and analytical data.

Conclusions:

  • NSP remains a risk, particularly from recreationally harvested shellfish, despite extensive monitoring programs.
  • Continued research into new toxin sources and accumulation pathways is crucial for effective prevention.
  • Enhanced prevention strategies are necessary to mitigate the public health impact of NSP.