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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:06

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Germ line, stem cells, and epigenetic reprogramming.

M A Surani1, G Durcova-Hills, P Hajkova

  • 1Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom.

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
|November 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germ cells uniquely generate totipotency, originating from pluripotent epiblast cells. Studying germ and pluripotent stem cells reveals insights into totipotency and somatic cell reprogramming.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:06

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The germ cell lineage possesses the unique ability to generate totipotency.
  • Pluripotent primitive ectoderm cells in blastocysts develop into epiblast cells, from which germ cells originate.
  • Germ cells and pluripotent stem cells share properties despite phenotypic differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between germ cells and pluripotent stem cells.
  • To elucidate the nature of the pluripotent state.
  • To understand epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells for totipotency establishment.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of germ cell and pluripotent stem cell properties.
  • Investigation of dedifferentiation of primordial germ cells into embryonic germ cells.
  • Examination of epigenetic modifications during germ cell development.

Main Results:

  • Germ cell lineage arises from pluripotent epiblast cells.
  • Early primordial germ cells can dedifferentiate into pluripotent embryonic germ cells.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming, including erasure of modifications, is critical for totipotency.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding germ cell-pluripotent stem cell interactions can clarify the pluripotent state.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells offers insights into somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency.