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Related Concept Videos

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...
Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
06:46

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

Published on: December 14, 2020

Extraesophageal GERD.

Jeanetta Walters Frye1, Michael F Vaezi

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1660 TVC, Nashville, TN 37232-5280, USA.

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can present with non-classic symptoms. For extraesophageal syndromes, proton pump inhibitor trials are more effective than endoscopy or pH monitoring for diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Pulmonology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) manifests as esophageal or extraesophageal syndromes.
  • Extraesophageal syndromes include cough, reflux laryngitis, and asthma, often lacking typical reflux symptoms like heartburn.
  • Diagnosing GERD in patients with atypical symptoms is challenging with traditional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate diagnostic tools for extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease.
  • To compare the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trials versus endoscopy and pH monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic approaches for extraesophageal GERD.
  • Analysis of the sensitivity and utility of upper endoscopy and pH monitoring.

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Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice
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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
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  • Assessment of the effectiveness of empiric proton pump inhibitor therapy.

    • Main Results:

    • Upper endoscopy and pH monitoring show poor sensitivity in diagnosing GERD with non-classic symptoms.
    • Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trials are a well-established and cost-effective diagnostic tool.
    • Empiric PPI therapy is recommended for suspected extraesophageal GERD.

    Conclusions:

    • Proton pump inhibitor therapy is the preferred diagnostic method for extraesophageal GERD.
    • Traditional diagnostic methods are often insufficient for atypical GERD presentations.
    • Cost-effective diagnostic strategies are crucial for managing GERD-related extraesophageal syndromes.