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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Superadiabaticity in magnetic resonance.

Michaël Deschamps1, Gwendal Kervern, Dominique Massiot

  • 1CNRS, UPR3079 CEMHTI, Orléans, France.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Berry

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Dynamics

Background:

  • Adiabatic processes are crucial for controlling spin states in magnetic resonance.
  • Commonly used adiabatic methods in magnetic resonance often succeed despite apparent violations of the adiabatic approximation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental outcomes in adiabatic magnetic resonance.
  • To introduce and apply Berry's superadiabatic formalism to magnetic resonance experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Berry's superadiabatic formalism for theoretical and numerical treatments.
  • Iteratively transforming time-dependent Hamiltonians into diagonal frames to achieve accurate adiabatic approximations.
  • Analyzing magnetic resonance experiments with shaped radio-frequency pulses.

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Main Results:

  • The magnetization in finite-duration adiabatic processes is governed by an effective Hamiltonian in a superadiabatic frame, not the conventional adiabatic frame.
  • The superadiabatic frame reveals inertial forces as the cause of deviations from true adiabaticity and loss of control.
  • Demonstrated the application of superadiabatic theory to practical magnetic resonance pulse sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Berry's superadiabatic formalism provides a theoretical framework to understand the success of seemingly non-adiabatic processes in magnetic resonance.
  • The superadiabatic frame is essential for accurately evaluating the validity of the adiabatic approximation and identifying sources of error.
  • This formalism offers a more robust understanding of spin dynamics control in magnetic resonance experiments.