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Related Concept Videos

The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

The Significance of Membrane Transport

The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
Transporters facilitate either an active or passive movement of solutes. They can allow a single-molecule transport down its...
The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

The Significance of Membrane Transport

The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
Transporters facilitate either an active or passive movement of solutes. They can allow a single-molecule transport down its...
Membrane Transporters01:31

Membrane Transporters

Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
Transporters are mainly composed of alpha-helices, built from bundles of ten or more helices traversing the plasma membrane. The solute-binding sites are located midway, where some of the helices are broken or distorted, making space for the binding site through...
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...

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Expression, Solubilization, and Purification of Eukaryotic Borate Transporters
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Monocarboxylate transporters: past, present, and future.

Natalya Merezhinskaya1, William N Fishbein

  • 1Division of Environmental Toxicology, Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA. merezhin@afip.osd.mil

Histology and Histopathology
|December 17, 2008
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Summary

This review details the 14 Monocarboxylate Transporter family members (MCTs), their diverse substrates, and roles in cellular functions like immunity and energy supply. It highlights their genetic basis and involvement in diseases, guiding future research directions.

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High-Throughput Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carriers for Structural and Biochemical Studies

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High-Throughput Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carriers for Structural and Biochemical Studies
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High-Throughput Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carriers for Structural and Biochemical Studies

Published on: September 29, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Physiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The Monocarboxylate Transporter (MCT) family, also known as Solute Carrier Family 16 (SLC16), comprises 14 members involved in transporting various metabolites.
  • These transporters play crucial roles in cellular energy metabolism, immune responses, and responses to hypoxia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the 14 MCT members, their relationships, substrate specificities, and physiological functions.
  • To discuss the genetics, tissue distribution, regulation, and subcellular localization of MCTs.
  • To highlight the involvement of MCTs in human diseases and suggest future research avenues.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and genetic data.
  • Analysis of sequence homology to understand MCT family relationships.
  • Examination of histologic evidence, including human tissues, for MCT distribution and function.

Main Results:

  • Detailed annotation of all 14 MCT members, focusing on the first four classical members (MCT1-4).
  • Identification of a broad range of transported substrates, including lactate, pyruvate, amino acids, and thyroid hormones.
  • Documentation of MCT involvement in leukocyte-mediated immunity, hypoxia responses, and energy partitioning, as well as associated genetic diseases.

Conclusions:

  • MCTs are a diverse and vital family of transporters with complex regulation and broad physiological significance.
  • Mutations in MCT genes can lead to various genetic disorders.
  • Further research into MCTs' subcellular localization, regulation, and disease associations is warranted.