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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
Published on: December 1, 2023
[Expiratory vocal cord dysfunction? Case report and review of the literature]
M Echternach1, T Verse, W Delb
1Freiburger Institut für Musikermedizin, Universitätsklinik, Breisacherstrasse 60, 79106, Freiburg. matthias.echternach@uniklinik-freiburg.de
Abstract:
Wood and Milgrom defined vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) as paradoxical adduction of the vocal folds during inspiration or during inspiration and expiration. We describe the case of a patient with attacks of dyspnea with an isolated expiratory paradoxical adduction of the vocal folds. A review of the literature reveals many factors associated with VCD. Because of the similar risk factors and order of events concerning VCD, we believe that even expiratory laryngeal dysfunctions could be denoted as subtypes of VCD.
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