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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Recent developments in HIV and the kidney.

Frank A Post1, Stephen G Holt

  • 1Department of HIV/GU Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. frank.post@kcl.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|December 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV-associated kidney disease is increasingly recognized, affecting about 17% of patients. Early HIV diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes, but chronic kidney disease burden is rising with aging populations.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV care, reducing opportunistic infections and mortality.
  • Increased survival has led to a focus on noninfectious comorbidities, particularly HIV-associated kidney disease (HIVKD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the clinical epidemiology of HIVKD.
  • To highlight key findings regarding the incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of kidney disease in HIV-infected individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on HIVKD.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on acute and chronic kidney disease in the ART era.

Main Results:

  • Acute renal failure is linked to delayed HIV diagnosis but improves with ART.
  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 17% of HIV patients, associated with age, advanced HIV, metabolic/vascular disease, and specific ART drugs (indinavir, tenofovir).
  • Black patients face higher end-stage renal disease risk, especially without ART; renal transplantation offers a promising treatment for end-stage renal disease.

Conclusions:

  • HIVKD is better defined, encompassing various forms of kidney dysfunction.
  • The prevalence of CKD in HIV-infected individuals is expected to increase due to longer life expectancy and an aging patient population.