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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Uterine Tubes

Uterine Tubes

The uterine or fallopian tubes function as the conduit through which oocytes travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Each fallopian tube measures approximately 10 to 13 cm long and is anatomically divided into the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and interstitial part (or intramural segment). The infundibulum is characterized by its funnel shape and features extensions called fimbriae which reach towards the peritoneal cavity. These fimbriae play a critical role during ovulation as they extend...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Ovarian Cycle

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

Proliferative Phase

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Published on: January 17, 2019

[Myomas, fertility and pregnancy].

Z Holub¹, M Mára

¹Gynekologicko-porodnické oddelení Nemocnice Kladno.

Ceska Gynekologie

|December 30, 2008

Summary

This guideline provides management recommendations for uterine fibroids (myoma) impacting fertility and pregnancy outcomes. It synthesizes current literature to aid clinical decision-making for women with fibroids.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Gynecology
Obstetrics

Context:

Uterine fibroids (myomas) are common benign tumors affecting women of reproductive age.
Fibroids can significantly impact fertility and pregnancy complications.
Management requires careful consideration of reproductive goals.

Purpose:

To establish a clinical guideline for the management of uterine fibroids.
To address the specific challenges related to fertility and pregnancy in women with myomas.
To provide evidence-based recommendations for healthcare providers.

Summary:

A comprehensive review of Medline-sourced literature was conducted using keywords: fibroid, fertility, and pregnancy.
The guideline was prepared by the Czech Society of Gynecological Endoscopy (CSGE) based on analyzed data.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Published on: January 17, 2019

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model

Published on: April 7, 2023

It offers a structured approach to managing myomas in the context of reproductive health.

Impact:

Aims to improve reproductive outcomes for women with uterine fibroids.
Facilitates informed clinical decisions regarding myoma management.
Contributes to standardized care in reproductive endocrinology and infertility.