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Related Concept Videos

Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes
12:47

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Published on: May 14, 2012

Curing APL: differentiation or destruction?

Scott C Kogan1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. scott.kogan@ucsf.edu

Cancer Cell
|December 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

All-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide effectively treat acute promyelocytic leukemia by targeting the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein. This targeted destruction, rather than cell differentiation, is crucial for preventing leukemia relapse.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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10:44

A Three-dimensional Thymic Culture System to Generate Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Tumor Antigen-specific Thymic Emigrants

Published on: August 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia.
  • APL is characterized by the PML-RARalpha fusion gene, a key driver of the disease.
  • All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) are standard treatments for APL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of action for ATRA and ATO in APL.
  • To determine whether the therapeutic effects of ATRA and ATO are dependent on inducing cell differentiation.
  • To identify the critical molecular target responsible for eliminating APL-initiating cells.

Main Methods:

  • The study analyzed the effects of ATRA and ATO on APL cells in vitro and in vivo.
  • Researchers assessed cellular differentiation markers and the degradation of the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein.
  • Experiments focused on identifying the specific molecular pathways targeted by the drugs.

Main Results:

  • The effectiveness of ATRA and ATO in treating APL was found to be independent of their ability to induce cell differentiation.
  • Targeted destruction and degradation of the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein were observed.
  • Elimination of cells capable of causing leukemia relapse was linked to PML-RARalpha oncoprotein destruction.

Conclusions:

  • The primary mechanism of action for ATRA and ATO in APL involves the targeted destruction of the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein.
  • Induction of differentiation is not the essential therapeutic mechanism.
  • Targeting the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein is critical for eradicating leukemia-initiating cells and preventing relapse in APL.