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Related Concept Videos

Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 15, 2013

Early formation of evolved asteroidal crust.

James M D Day1, Richard D Ash, Yang Liu

  • 1Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. jamesday@umd.edu

Nature
|January 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Newly discovered meteorites reveal a previously unknown type of evolved crust formation on asteroids. These feldspar-rich rocks provide evidence of early Solar System processes and diverse planetary materials.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Cosmochemistry
  • Geology

Background:

  • Planetary crust formation mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Earth's andesitic crust formed via plate tectonics; the Moon's feldspar-rich crust formed from magma ocean processes.
  • Some asteroids show evidence of crust formation and differentiation, but evolved felsic crust has not been observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and composition of the newly discovered meteorites GRA 06128 and GRA 06129.
  • To understand the processes of crust formation on asteroids in the early Solar System.

Main Methods:

  • Dating of meteorites using radiometric methods.
  • Elemental and isotopic composition analysis.
  • Petrographic and metamorphic analysis.

Main Results:

  • The meteorites GRA 06128 and GRA 06129 are feldspar-rich with andesite bulk compositions.
  • Their age of 4.52 ± 0.06 Gyr indicates formation early in Solar System history.
  • Compositional and isotopic data suggest formation from partial melts of a volatile-rich, oxidized asteroid.

Conclusions:

  • GRA 06128 and 06129 represent a new style of evolved crust formation on asteroids.
  • These findings indicate incomplete differentiation of their parent asteroid.
  • The discovery highlights previously unrecognized diversity in early Solar System materials.