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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Potential triggers of MS.

Jane E Libbey1, Robert S Fujinami

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. Jane.Libbey@utah.edu

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|January 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Viruses may trigger multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) disease. Research explores how infections like Epstein-Barr virus and Human Herpesvirus 6 could initiate demyelination and neurological disability.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Virology
  • Demyelinating diseases

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) disease causing demyelination, axonal damage, and neurological disability.
  • The primary cause of MS remains unknown, prompting investigation into environmental triggers.
  • Viruses are hypothesized as potential environmental factors contributing to MS pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of viruses as potential environmental triggers for MS.
  • To discuss the association of viral infections with demyelinating diseases in animals and humans.
  • To explore the role of specific viruses (Torque Teno virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpesvirus 6) in MS development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on viral infections and demyelinating diseases.

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
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Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

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Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
09:46

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Published on: September 21, 2021

  • Discussion of experimental animal models of viral-induced demyelination (e.g., Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus).
  • Exploration of models proposing multiple viral infections priming the immune system to trigger MS-like disease.

    • Main Results:

    • Viral infections can occur peripherally or within the CNS, influencing demyelinating disease.
    • Specific viruses like Epstein-Barr virus and Human Herpesvirus 6 are implicated in MS pathogenesis.
    • Animal models demonstrate that CNS viral infections can be a prerequisite for demyelination.

    Conclusions:

    • Viruses are plausible environmental triggers for MS, acting either peripherally or within the CNS.
    • A model involving sequential viral infections priming the immune system is proposed for MS development.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which viruses contribute to MS.