High-pressure effects on the electronic structure of anthracene single crystals: role of nonhydrostaticity

Optical spectroscopy methods were used to examine the effect of nonhydrostaticity on the electronic structure of anthracene single crystals compressed statically to 9 GPa. Two pressure-transmitting media, nitrogen (hydrostatic) and water (nonhydrostatic above approximately 5.5 GPa), were utilized. It was found that nonhydrostatic compression generates several new features both in the absorption and fluorescence spectra: (i) formation of new absorption and fluorescence bands, (ii) deviations in pressure shift of fluorescence peaks, (iii) extensive broadening of vibrational peaks, and (iv) irreversible changes in the spectra shape upon pressure unloading. Furthermore, the time-resolved fluorescence decay curves measured at the wavelength corresponding to the new fluorescence band show clear initial increase. These new features are accompanied by inhomogeneous color changes and macroscopic lines on the (001) plane of the crystal. All of the changes are discussed and correlated with microscopic transformations in the crystal. It is demonstrated that nonhydrostatic compression in anthracene crystal introduces inelastic changes in the form of dislocations along [110] and [110] directions. These dislocations lead to the development of dimeric structures and, consequently, to various changes in the electronic response of the compressed anthracene crystal.