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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Mathematical development in spina bifida.

Lianne H English1, Marcia A Barnes, Heather B Taylor

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
|February 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spina bifida (SB) is linked to math disabilities, impacting visual-spatial processing. Early executive functions in infancy predict later math skills in children with SB, informing interventions.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Published on: February 28, 2021

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13:31

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Published on: March 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Spina bifida (SB) is a neural tube defect often associated with math disability.
  • Individuals with SB frequently exhibit visual-spatial processing deficits.
  • SB offers a unique model to study math development and disability across the lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the development of mathematical abilities and disability in individuals with spina bifida.
  • To explore the relationship between visual-spatial processing deficits and math skills in SB.
  • To present findings from a longitudinal study on early executive functions and later math skills in SB.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of math and cognitive correlates in preschoolers, school-age children, and adults with SB.
  • Longitudinal study tracking executive functions from infancy to preschool and school-age math skills.
  • Analysis of socio-historical perspectives on math education for SB populations.

Main Results:

  • Early executive functions in infancy are linked to later math skills in children with SB.
  • Math disability in SB is often associated with visual-spatial processing deficits.
  • The study provides a lifespan perspective on math development in SB.

Conclusions:

  • Findings highlight the critical role of early executive functions in the development of math skills in SB.
  • Understanding visual-spatial processing deficits is key for addressing math difficulties in SB.
  • Implications for targeted interventions and future research directions are discussed.