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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

Published on: February 14, 2014

When does age-related cognitive decline begin?

Timothy A Salthouse¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. Salthouse@virginia.edu

Neurobiology of Aging

|February 24, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive decline in healthy adults may begin in their 20s and 30s, contrary to previous beliefs. Test experience can mask age-related cognitive changes in longitudinal studies.

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Published on: February 14, 2014

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Published on: January 24, 2020

Area of Science:

Cognitive neuroscience
Developmental psychology
Gerontology

Background:

Cross-sectional studies suggest cognitive performance declines with age from 18 to 60.
Previous research has questioned the validity of these findings due to discrepancies with longitudinal data.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the discrepancy between cross-sectional and longitudinal cognitive aging studies.
To identify factors masking age-related cognitive declines in longitudinal research.

Main Methods:

Examined three methods for estimating retest effects.
Analyzed studies on non-human animals in constant environments.
Investigated neurobiological variables unaffected by retest effects.

Main Results:

Prior test experience significantly masks age-related cognitive declines in longitudinal studies.
Some cognitive functions show declines starting in healthy adults in their 20s and 30s.

Conclusions:

Age-related cognitive decline can begin earlier than previously assumed.
Retest effects are a critical confound in longitudinal cognitive aging research.