Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Development and function of specified thymic iNKT1 cells critically depend on an Ets1-Tbet transcription factor axis.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2026

Same author

Transcriptional control of natural killer cell antitumor activity.

Trends in immunology·2025

Same author

Loss of thymocyte competition underlies the tumor suppressive functions of the E2a transcription factor in T-ALL.

Leukemia·2023

Same author

TGF-β Promotes the Postselection Thymic Development and Peripheral Function of IFN-γ-Producing Invariant NKT cells.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2023

Same author

Dual Targeting of Apoptotic and Signaling Pathways in T-Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2023

Same author

Quantitative control of Ets1 dosage by a multi-enhancer hub promotes Th1 cell differentiation and protects from allergic inflammation.

Immunity·2023

Same journal

A guide to CAR T cell therapies: development, current status and future prospects.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same journal

Macrophages in embryonic development.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same journal

Glycolytic capacity instructs tumour vasculature and response to immunotherapy.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same journal

Vaginal NK cells limit epithelial barrier disruption during infection.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same journal

New insights into progenitor exhausted T cell populations.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same journal

T cell engagers in autoimmune diseases.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

E and ID proteins branch out.

Barbara L Kee¹

¹Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. bkee@bsd.uchicago.edu

Nature Reviews. Immunology

|February 26, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

E and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins regulate gene expression during development. Recent studies show these proteins are crucial for lymphoid lineage differentiation and have new roles in hematopoietic stem cells.

More Related Videos

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology
Immunology

Background:

E proteins and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are key transcriptional regulators.
E2A proteins are vital for B- and T-cell lineage commitment and differentiation.
ID proteins modulate the function of E proteins in lymphoid lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent studies on the role of E and ID proteins in lymphoid lineage differentiation.
To explore novel functions of E and ID proteins in hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies.
Analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks.
Examination of protein functions in stem cells and differentiated lineages.

Main Results:

E and ID proteins have broader roles in the differentiation of multiple lymphoid lineages.
New functions identified for E and ID proteins in hematopoietic stem cells.
These proteins also impact lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor cells.

Conclusions:

E and ID proteins are essential regulators in diverse lymphoid differentiation pathways.
Their roles extend beyond mature lymphocytes to stem and progenitor cells.
Further research into these proteins could reveal new therapeutic targets in hematopoiesis.