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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis
08:08

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Published on: May 8, 2014

Actual knee motion during continuous passive motion protocols is less than expected.

Jesse E Bible1, Andrew K Simpson, Debdut Biswas

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|February 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Continuous passive motion (CPM) machines deliver less knee range of motion (ROM) than programmed. This study found CPM devices achieve only 68-76% of the intended knee ROM, impacting TKA recovery protocols.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Continuous passive motion (CPM) is frequently used post-total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
  • Evidence suggests CPM efficacy depends on achieving substantial knee range of motion (ROM).
  • The actual knee ROM delivered by CPM devices remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the actual knee range of motion (ROM) achieved by a CPM machine.
  • To compare the delivered knee ROM to the programmed CPM arc.
  • To inform the design of effective CPM protocols for TKA patients.

Main Methods:

  • An electrogoniometer was used to measure knee ROM during CPM therapy.
  • The study assessed the percentage of the programmed CPM arc actually achieved by the knee.
  • Variations in delivered ROM were examined, including the effect of patient bed elevation.

Main Results:

  • The knee achieved only 68% to 76% of the programmed CPM arc.
  • Elevating the patient's head increased the delivered knee ROM percentage.
  • A significant discrepancy exists between programmed and actual knee motion during CPM.

Conclusions:

  • CPM devices deliver a smaller knee ROM than programmed.
  • This under-delivery must be considered in CPM protocols and efficacy studies post-TKA.
  • Optimizing CPM parameters, like bed elevation, may improve delivered knee motion.