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Updated: Jun 11, 2025
Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Expandable versus static transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) cages: comparing radiographic outcomes and
Alexander M Crawford1, Brendan M Striano1, Matthew R Bryan2
1Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Background Context:
Expandable transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) cages have become popular in recent years due to anticipated advantages of increased disc height, improved segmental lordosis, and ease of implantation. Such benefits have not been conclusively demonstrated in the literature.
Purpose:
To determine whether expandable cages increase disc height and segmental lordosis in a durable way following surgery and compare complication profiles between cage types.
Study Design/Setting:
Retrospective cohort study conducted within a large academic health system involving 31 different spine surgeons.
Patient Sample:
Adults undergoing single-level TLIF for an indication other than infection, tumor, trauma, or revision instrumentation from 2021 to 2023.
Outcome Measures:
Our primary outcomes were changes in segmental disc height, segmental lordosis, and L4-S1 lordosis at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year following surgery relative to baseline. Our secondary outcomes were frequencies of incidental durotomies, surgical site infections, readmissions, death, subsidence, and unplanned return to the operating room.
Methods:
Radiographic variables were collected from our institutional imaging registry. Demographics and surgical characteristics were abstracted from chart review. Generalized linear modeling was used for each primary outcome, with cage type (expandable vs static) as our primary predictor and age, biologic sex, race, CCI, year of surgery, duration of surgery, invasiveness of surgery, surgeon specialty (Orthopedics vs Neurosurgery), and level of surgery as covariates.
Results:
Our cohort consisted of 417 patients with a mean age of 62. Static cages were used in 306 patients and expandable cages in 111. Expandable cages were associated with increased changes in disc height relative to static cages at 2 weeks (1.1 mm [0.2-1.9]; p=.01) and 6 months (1.2 mm [0.2-2.3]; p=.02) following surgery, but differences were no longer significant at 1 year (0.4 mm [-0.9-1.8]; p=.4). Expandable cages were found to subside more commonly than static cages (14.1% vs 6.6%; p=.04). No significant differences between cage types were identified in lordotic parameters at any timepoint (p=0.25 to p=0.97).
Conclusions:
Expandable cages were associated with an initial increase in disc height relative to static cages, but this difference diminished with the first year of surgery, likely due to a higher rate of subsidence within the expandable cohort.
