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Related Concept Videos

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T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Retinoid signals and Th17-mediated pathology.

Christian Klemann1, Benjamin Je Raveney, Shinji Oki

  • 1Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.

Nihon Rinsho Men'Eki Gakkai Kaishi = Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology
|March 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Retinoids can suppress the differentiation and function of T helper 17 (Th17) cells, offering a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases. This research explores retinoids

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • CD4+ effector T cells were historically classified as Th1 and Th2 subsets.
  • Recent research identified Th17 cells, crucial in autoimmunity, producing the cytokine IL-17.
  • Th17 cells are implicated in both animal models and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of retinoids in modulating CD4+ T cell differentiation.
  • To discuss the potential clinical applications of retinoids for treating Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Retinoids, including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), were studied for their effects on T cell differentiation in vitro.
  • The impact of retinoid treatment on Th17-mediated autoimmunity was assessed using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models.
  • Mechanisms involving retinoic acid receptors (RARs and RXRs) and Foxp3 upregulation were investigated.

Main Results:

  • Retinoids, particularly ATRA, were shown to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation.
  • ATRA treatment promoted the upregulation of Foxp3, a key regulatory T cell transcription factor.
  • ATRA administration ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by suppressing Th17 cell differentiation and function.

Conclusions:

  • Retinoids demonstrate a significant ability to modulate Th17 cell differentiation and function.
  • Retinoid therapy holds promise for treating Th17-mediated autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Further research into the molecular mechanisms could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases.