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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
Types of Impact01:30

Types of Impact

Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
Impact: Problem Solving01:26

Impact: Problem Solving

In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
By designating the launch point as the origin and utilizing kinematic equations, the vertical component of the projectile's velocity at the point of impact is...
Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
Impulse01:13

Impulse

According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
Additionally, it can be shown that the total...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
08:34

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

High-speed jet formation after solid object impact.

Stephan Gekle1, José Manuel Gordillo, Devaraj van der Meer

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

When a disc impacts water, a jet forms from the collapsing cavity. Colliding cavity walls drive local flow, feeding the jet, not the hyperbolic pattern.

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Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Impact physics
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Circular disc impact on water generates craters and jets.
  • Cavity pinch-off creates stagnation points and hyperbolic flow patterns.
  • The mechanism feeding these jets has been debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fluid dynamics behind jet formation after cavity pinch-off.
  • To identify the primary mechanism responsible for jet propulsion.
  • To develop a quantitative model for jet formation.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed imaging techniques to capture transient phenomena.
  • Numerical simulations to analyze fluid flow patterns.
  • Comparison of experimental data with theoretical models.

Main Results:

  • Jetting is primarily fed by local flow near the jet base, driven by colliding cavity walls.
  • The hyperbolic flow pattern is not the main source for jet propulsion.
  • A new quantitative model for jet formation was developed beyond cavity pinch-off.

Conclusions:

  • The colliding cavity walls are the dominant factor in jet formation.
  • The developed model accurately predicts jet behavior, aligning with experimental and simulation data.
  • This research clarifies the physics of jetting in impact events.