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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
14:52

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

4He on a single graphene sheet.

M C Gordillo1, J Boronat

  • 1Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.

Physical Review Letters
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers calculated the phase diagram of helium-4 on graphene, finding it similar to graphite. A 2D liquid helium film on graphene is predicted to be metastable, potentially observable experimentally.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Fluids

Background:

  • Graphene is a novel 2D material with unique properties.
  • Understanding the behavior of quantum fluids like helium-4 on surfaces is crucial for condensed matter physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate the phase diagram of the first layer of helium-4 adsorbed on a single graphene sheet.
  • To investigate the effects of graphene's corrugation on the helium-4 phase diagram.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion Monte Carlo calculations were employed.
  • Corrugation effects of the graphene surface were included in the simulations.

Main Results:

  • The binding energy of helium-4 atoms to graphene is reduced compared to graphite (approx. 13.4 K per atom).
  • The phase diagram is qualitatively similar to that of helium on graphite.
  • A two-dimensional liquid helium film on graphene is predicted to be metastable.

Conclusions:

  • The energy difference between the liquid and solid phases on graphene is very small.
  • This metastability suggests that a 2D liquid helium film on graphene could be experimentally observed.