Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis01:23

Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis

Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides01:20

Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat various bacterial infections. Clinicians must determine the elimination rate constant (k) and volume of distribution (VD) to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize toxicity. The k value represents the rate at which the drug is removed from the body, and the VD reflects the degree to which the drug distributes into body tissues. Accurately estimating these parameters allows healthcare professionals to tailor drug dosing to individual...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development of a Highly Specific RPA/CRISPR-Cas13a Assay for Detection of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Virulence Factor ExoU in Blood Samples.

Current issues in molecular biology·2026
Same author

The challenge of defining optimal antibiotic treatment duration in immunocompromised hosts.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

The ESCMID Framework for Reaching Consensus in Clinical Guidelines.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

De Novo Cancer in Liver Transplant Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Multicenter Nationwide Cohort Study.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026
Same author

Outcomes of Short Antibiotic Courses for Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society·2026
Same author

The clinical characteristics and outcomes of Campylobacter spp. bloodstream infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

[Aminoglycosides and polymyxins].

José Molina1, Elisa Cordero, Julián Palomino

  • 1Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España.

Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Older antibiotics like aminoglycosides and polymyxins are being reconsidered for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections. Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing and new polymyxin formulations reduce toxicity, making them viable again.

More Related Videos

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
12:03

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

Published on: April 18, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
12:03

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

Published on: April 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacilli.
  • Re-evaluation of older antimicrobial agents due to resistance.
  • Need for effective treatments against challenging infections.

Purpose:

  • To review the re-emergence and current clinical utility of older antimicrobials.
  • To assess the impact of modified dosing and formulations on the safety and efficacy of aminoglycosides and polymyxins.
  • To evaluate their role in treating infections caused by MDR gram-negative bacilli.

Summary:

  • Aminoglycosides, once-daily administration has reduced toxicity, allowing their reintroduction. However, combination therapy with beta-lactams offers no added benefit, and specific indications for once-daily dosing are not universally supported.
  • Newer formulations of polymyxins have significantly decreased toxicity. Colistin shows favorable outcomes in MDR gram-negative infections, whether used alone or in combination.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of these agents.

Impact:

  • Provides insights into the evolving treatment landscape for MDR gram-negative infections.
  • Highlights the renewed importance of older antibiotics with improved safety profiles.
  • Informs clinical decision-making regarding the use of aminoglycosides and polymyxins against resistant pathogens.