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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Digital Hybrid Model Preparation for Virtual Planning of Reconstructive Dentoalveolar Surgical Procedures
Published on: August 5, 2021
A Web-based, integrated simulation system for craniofacial surgical planning
Stephen A Schendel1, Kevin Montgomery
1Palo Alto, Calif. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University.
Background:
Advances in computing over the last 10 years have rapidly improved imaging and simulation in health care. Implementation of three-dimensional protocols and image fusion techniques are moving diagnosis, treatment planning, and teaching to a next-generation paradigm. In addition, decreasing cost and increasing availability make generalized use of these techniques possible.
Methods:
In this article, the authors present a Web-based, integrated simulation system for craniofacial surgical planning and treatment. Image fusion technology was utilized to create a realistic virtual image that can be manipulated in real time. The resultant data can then be shared over the Internet by distantly located practitioners.
Results:
Initial use of this system proved to be beneficial from a planning standpoint and to be accurate as to the reliability of landmark identification. Additional case studies are needed to further document the results of actual surgical simulation.
Conclusion:
This technology presents significant advantages in surgical planning and education, both of which can improve patient safety and outcomes.

