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Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens...

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Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

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Ureteral polypoid endometriosis causing hydroureteronephrosis.

Takeshi Kondo¹

¹Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. kondo@med.kobe-u.ac.jp

Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology

|April 1, 2009

Summary

Ureteral endometriosis, a rare condition, can cause urinary obstruction. This case highlights the importance of considering endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of ureteral strictures in women.

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Area of Science:

Urology
Gynecology
Pathology

Background:

Urinary tract involvement by endometriosis is rare.
Endometriosis interna is a condition where endometrial tissue grows within the uterine wall.

Observation:

A 44-year-old woman with a history of endometriosis presented with left low back pain and hydroureteronephrosis.
Ureteroscopy revealed a polypoid mass, diagnosed as ureteral endometriosis via biopsy.
The mass was positive for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and CD 10.

Findings:

Histological examination confirmed a 2-cm polypoid mass of ureteral endometriosis.
Surgical management included partial ureter resection and ureteroneocystostomy with a Boari flap.
The patient experienced an uneventful postoperative recovery with no signs of recurrence.

Implications:

This case underscores the need to consider endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of ureteral strictures, especially in women of reproductive age.
Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention are crucial for managing ureteral endometriosis.
Further research into the pathogenesis and optimal management of urinary tract endometriosis is warranted.