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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

The Functions of the Skeletal System

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Functional Motor Unit in the Culture Dish: Co-culture of Spinal Cord Explants and Muscle Cells

A Functional Motor Unit in the Culture Dish: Co-culture of Spinal Cord Explants and Muscle Cells

Published on: April 12, 2012

[Functional somatic syndromes].

M Rabhi¹, K Ennibi, J Chaari

¹Service de médecine interne, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc. m_rabhi@menara.ma

La Revue De Medecine Interne

|April 14, 2009

Summary

Functional somatic syndromes present diagnostic and treatment challenges. Integrating psychological and organic approaches, alongside enhanced medical training, is crucial for improving patient care and outcomes.

Area of Science:

Medical Science
Psychology
Public Health

Context:

Functional somatic syndromes (FSS) pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
These syndromes are prevalent in both clinical settings and the general population, causing high morbidity.
Current management often leaves patients dissatisfied due to a lack of integrated care.

Purpose:

To review the definition, epidemiology, classification, etiology, and management of FSS.
To highlight the evolving understanding of FSS, moving beyond traditional medical/psychiatric symptom separation.
To emphasize the need for a balanced approach integrating organic and psychological perspectives in FSS classification and treatment.

Summary:

FSS are characterized by fluctuating symptoms without objective findings, influenced by predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors.

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Recent classification proposals aim to integrate psychological aspects, leading to tailored interventions.

A balanced approach in classification and improved clinician training are essential for better patient outcomes.

Impact:

Improved classification systems for FSS that reflect a biopsychosocial model.
Development and implementation of effective, patient-centered management strategies for FSS.
Enhanced medical education to equip healthcare professionals with the skills to manage FSS effectively, reducing patient dissatisfaction.