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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Variable-ratio power splitters using computer-generated planar holograms on multimode interference couplers.

Shuo-Yen Tseng¹, Seungkeun Choi, Bernard Kippelen

¹School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA. tsengsy@mail.ncku.edu.tw

|April 18, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed variable-ratio power splitters using computer-generated holograms on multimode interference couplers. These devices enable flexible power division for optical signals on silicon photonics platforms.

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Area of Science:

Photonics
Optical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Multimode interference (MMI) couplers are fundamental photonic components.
Achieving variable power splitting ratios in MMI devices is crucial for optical signal processing.
Computer-generated holograms offer precise control over light manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze and demonstrate variable-ratio power splitters utilizing computer-generated planar holograms.
To investigate the use of refractive index perturbations for wave transformation.
To fabricate and characterize these devices on a silicon-on-insulator platform.

Main Methods:

Numerical calculation of refractive index perturbations for hologram design.
Fabrication of devices on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform.
Characterization at a 1.55 µm wavelength to measure power-splitting ratios.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated variable power-splitting ratios by adjusting hologram etch depth and length.
Transformed coherent input waves to desired outputs using engineered waveguide perturbations.
Devices operated effectively on the silicon-on-insulator platform.

Conclusions:

Computer-generated holograms on MMI couplers provide a viable method for variable optical power splitting.
The demonstrated technique offers precise control over power division in photonic integrated circuits.
This approach is suitable for silicon photonics applications requiring flexible optical signal management.