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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Published on: February 2, 2024

Cellular reprogramming and pluripotency induction.

M William Lensch1

  • 1Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Mathew.Lensch@childrens.harvard.edu

British Medical Bulletin
|April 21, 2009
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct reprogramming forces mature cells into an embryonic stem cell-like state, building on prior cloning research. Clinical applications are still under development, requiring further understanding of epigenetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cellular reprogramming directs mature cells to a primitive gene expression state.
  • Recent advances build upon nuclear transfer and developmental process research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific literature on direct cellular reprogramming since 2006.
  • To highlight the progress and challenges in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review using Medline searches.
  • Keywords: pluripotency, induce, stem (2006-present).
  • Inclusion of author-selected relevant literature.

Main Results:

  • Since 2006, direct reprogramming has emerged, forcing somatic cells into an embryonic stem cell-like state.
  • These findings extend previous work in nuclear transfer and developmental biology.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming holds significant research value.
  • Clinical applications require further refinement and a deeper understanding of epigenetics.