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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells
13:58

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

Published on: October 22, 2012

T-cell epitope mapping.

Raija K S Ahmed1, Markus J Maeurer

  • 1Microbiology and Tumor Cell Biology Center (MTC) Karolinska, Institute and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), Stockholm, Nobels Väg 18, S-17 182, Stockholm, Sweden.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying T-cell epitopes is crucial for monitoring immune responses and designing vaccines. Assays like intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and whole blood assays (WBA) detect different T-cell populations for comprehensive analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • T-cell epitope identification is vital for understanding immune responses in diseases and for vaccine development.
  • Antigen-specific T-cell responses are key indicators of cellular immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the utility of the 6-hour intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay and the 7-day whole blood assay (WBA) for characterizing T-cell responses.
  • To highlight the strengths of each assay in detecting different T-cell populations.

Main Methods:

  • The 6-hour intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay detects effector T cells in peripheral circulation.
  • The 7-day whole blood assay (WBA) measures T-cell expansion, proliferation, and cytokine production, suitable for detecting low-frequency memory T cells.
  • Both assays can measure various cytokine profiles using appropriate detection systems.

Main Results:

  • ICS assay is effective for identifying readily detectable effector T cells.
  • WBA is suitable for monitoring T-cell expansion over time and detecting less frequent T cells.
  • WBA allows for testing a broad range of peptides due to its simplicity and minimal blood requirement.

Conclusions:

  • The choice between ICS and WBA depends on the specific immune response being investigated and the T-cell populations of interest.
  • WBA offers a simple method for broad T-cell epitope screening using minimal blood.
  • Both ICS and WBA are valuable tools for comprehensive analysis of cellular immune responses.