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Related Concept Videos

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Ostwald’s Dilution Law01:25

Ostwald’s Dilution Law

Consider a binary electrolyte AB with a concentration ‘c’ that reversibly dissociates into its constituent ions. The degree of this dissociation is represented by ⍺. This means that the equilibrium concentration of each ionic species can be expressed as ⍺c. As well as this, the fraction of the electrolyte that remains undissociated at equilibrium is given by (1−⍺). The corresponding equilibrium concentration for this undissociated portion is then calculated as (1−⍺)c. For such solutions,...
Calculating and Interpreting the Linear Correlation Coefficient01:11

Calculating and Interpreting the Linear Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient, r, developed by Karl Pearson in the early 1900s, is numerical and provides a measure of strength and direction of the linear association between the independent variable, x, and the dependent variable, y. Hence, it is also known as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. It can be calculated using the following equation:
Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A relationship between variables shows correlation, but it does not show cause-and-effect. A direct cause-and-effect relationship requires additional controlled experiments. If no consistent relationship exists between the variables, then there is no correlation.Correlation versus CausationIf the dependent variable increases or decreases when the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
06:27

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Correlation between cosmic rays and ozone depletion.

Q-B Lu1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cosmic rays (CRs) correlate with ozone depletion, particularly the Antarctic ozone hole. CR-driven reactions involving halogenated molecules are the primary cause, with future severe ozone losses predicted by the 11-year CR cycle.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Space Physics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Ozone depletion, especially the Antarctic ozone hole, is a significant environmental concern.
  • The role of cosmic rays (CRs) in atmospheric processes, including ozone layer dynamics, is an area of ongoing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between cosmic ray (CR) cycles and ozone depletion using satellite data.
  • To identify the physical mechanism responsible for CR-driven ozone depletion, particularly the ozone hole.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of reliable satellite data from 1980-2007, covering two full 11-year CR cycles.
  • Statistical correlation analysis to establish the relationship between CR flux and ozone levels.

Main Results:

  • A clear correlation was observed between CRs and ozone depletion, with a pronounced effect on polar ozone loss over Antarctica.
  • Evidence suggests CR-driven electron-induced reactions of halogenated molecules are the dominant mechanism causing the ozone hole.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides strong evidence for a physical mechanism linking CRs to the ozone hole.
  • The 11-year CR cycle predicts severe ozone losses in 2008-2009 and potentially around 2019-2020.