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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example01:22

Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example

In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.
Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop01:16

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor01:25

Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor

Moving charges experience a force in a magnetic field. Since the magnetic fields produced by moving charges are proportional to the current, a conductor carrying a current creates a magnetic field around it.
Consider a compass placed near a current-carrying wire. The wire experiences a force that aligns the needle of the compass tangentially around the wire. Thus, the current-carrying wire produces concentric circular loops of magnetic field. The magnetic field generated by a wire can be...
Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire01:27

Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire

Consider an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I. The magnetic field at point P at a distance a from the origin can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires01:18

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit
04:35

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit

Published on: July 5, 2024

Persistent currents in normal metal rings.

Hendrik Bluhm1, Nicholas C Koshnick, Julie A Bert

  • 1Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers measured the magnetic response of individual gold rings, finding evidence of persistent currents with a period close to h/e. These findings align with theoretical predictions for diffusive rings, differing from prior metal ring studies.

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Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors
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Published on: January 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Mesoscopic physics
  • Quantum phenomena

Background:

  • Investigating persistent currents in mesoscopic conductors is crucial for understanding quantum effects in materials.
  • Previous studies on individual metal rings reported larger periodic magnetic responses than theoretical models predicted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the magnetic response of individual cold mesoscopic gold rings.
  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of persistent currents in these rings.
  • To compare experimental results with theoretical predictions and previous findings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a scanning SQUID microscope for high-resolution magnetic measurements.
  • Measured the magnetic response of 33 individual cold mesoscopic gold rings.
  • Performed in situ measurements to account for sensor background.
  • Analyzed the temperature dependence of the magnetic response for selected rings.

Main Results:

  • Observed a flux-periodic magnetic response in sufficiently small gold rings, attributed to persistent currents.
  • The observed period of the persistent current was close to the fundamental quantum of flux, h/e.
  • Amplitude distribution of the h/e current agreed well with theoretical predictions for diffusive rings.
  • Temperature dependence measurements were consistent with theoretical models.
  • Results contradicted previous measurements on individual metal rings.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides strong evidence for persistent currents in individual mesoscopic gold rings, consistent with quantum transport theory.
  • Discrepancies with prior metal ring studies highlight the importance of experimental techniques and material properties.
  • Identified paramagnetic linear susceptibility and zero-field anomalies, likely due to defect spins.