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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Spin accumulation with spin-orbit interaction.

Henri Saarikoski1, Gerrit E W Bauer

  • 1Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628-CJ Delft, The Netherlands. h.m.saarikoski@tudelft.nl

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron-electron interaction reconciles spin accumulation concepts in spintronics. A strong exchange field protects spin accumulation from dephasing, even with spin-orbit coupling.

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Spin accumulation is a key concept in spintronics, but its precise definition varies between metal-based and semiconductor systems.
  • Metal spintronics uses semiclassical distribution functions, while semiconductor spintronics with spin-orbit coupling interprets it as coherent eigenstate superposition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile the different interpretations of spin accumulation in spintronics.
  • To investigate the role of electron-electron interaction in spin accumulation dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis incorporating electron-electron interaction.
  • Demonstration on a clean two-dimensional electron gas model.

Main Results:

  • A strong self-consistent exchange field unifies spin accumulation descriptions by reducing it to a chemical potential difference between spin bands, even with spin-orbit coupling.
  • The exchange field protects spin accumulation from dephasing.
  • An easy-plane anisotropy is introduced by the exchange field.

Conclusions:

  • Electron-electron interaction, via the exchange field, provides a unified framework for understanding spin accumulation across different spintronic systems.
  • The exchange field is crucial for preserving spin accumulation and introducing anisotropic properties in two-dimensional electron gases.