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Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

Published on: January 30, 2018

NOTES performed using multiple ports of entry: Current experience and potential implications for urologic

Estevao Lima¹, Carla Rolanda, Jorge Correia-Pinto

¹Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.

Journal of Endourology

|May 2, 2009

Summary

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) requires multiple ports for complex urological procedures. The hybrid transvaginal-transabdominal approach and the pure NOTES transgastric-transvesical approach show promise for future surgical techniques.

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Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

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Area of Science:

Minimally invasive surgery
Urology
Endoscopic surgery

Background:

Transgastric access in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) presents limitations for complex urological procedures.
Hybrid and pure NOTES combined approaches have been developed to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review experimental and clinical results of multi-port NOTES in urology.
To assess the current state of multi-port NOTES techniques.

Main Methods:

Literature search of PubMed (2002-2008) for NOTES publications.
Review of abstracts from major urological conferences (2007).

Main Results:

Multiple ports are necessary for moderately complex procedures.
Hybrid (transvaginal-transabdominal) and pure NOTES (transgastric-transvesical) approaches are being explored.
Limited human experience and no comparative studies exist.

Conclusions:

The hybrid transvaginal-transabdominal approach is appealing for moderately complex procedures.
The transgastric-transvesical approach is preferred for pure NOTES.
Development of new equipment is needed for these novel techniques.