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Characterization of Ultrasound Probe-Dependent Interference in Electromagnetic Tracking for Image-Guided Procedures.

Simão Valente^1,2,3,4, Pedro Morais^1,4, Andreas Fritz⁵

¹2Ai-Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Technology, Polytechnic University of Cávado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal.

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Summary

Electromagnetic (EM) tracking combined with ultrasound (US) imaging is crucial for minimally invasive procedures. This study found that a handheld wireless US probe caused significant EM interference, unlike a phased-array probe, impacting navigation accuracy.

Keywords:

electromagnetic tracking image-guided interventions minimally invasive surgery ultrasound technologies

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Surgical Navigation
Electromagnetic Tracking

Background:

Ultrasound (US) imaging is vital for guiding minimally invasive procedures like percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
Electromagnetic (EM) tracking offers line-of-sight-independent instrument localization, complementing US guidance.
US probes can introduce electromagnetic interference, potentially compromising EM tracking accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize and quantify electromagnetic interference caused by different ultrasound probes.
To assess the impact of probe-induced interference on EM tracking precision.
To establish a workflow for optimizing sensor placement in EM-US guided procedures.

Main Methods:

Spatial mapping of EM interference along conventional phased-array and handheld wireless US probes.
Assessing probe-sensor separation requirements for the handheld probe.
Evaluating tracking deviations in a simulated EM-guided PCNL setup with needle and catheter sensors.

Main Results:

The phased-array probe exhibited minimal EM interference, maintaining submillimetric positional and subdegree orientational precision.
The handheld wireless probe generated significant, localized interference, requiring substantial probe-sensor separation (≥75 mm positional, ≥50 mm orientational) to restore baseline precision.
In PCNL simulations, the phased-array probe maintained tracking stability, while the handheld probe caused localized deviations. Both probes achieved RMS calibration residuals below 1 mm.

Conclusions:

Probe-dependent electromagnetic interference significantly impacts EM tracking accuracy during US-guided procedures.
Phased-array probes are less susceptible to interference than handheld wireless probes.
Device-specific interference assessment and optimized sensor placement are crucial for reliable EM-US navigation.