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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars.
States of Matter01:20

States of Matter

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
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Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride
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Evidence for a superglass state in solid 4He.

B Hunt1, E Pratt, V Gadagkar

  • 1Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied solid helium-4 (4He) dynamics, observing ultraslow, synchronized relaxation in its supersolid state. These glassy dynamics challenge existing models, suggesting a new supersolid form controlled by excitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Solid helium-4 (4He) is a candidate for a supersolid state, exhibiting frictionless flow.
  • However, observed phenomena in solid 4He present complexities beyond standard supersolid theory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the relaxation dynamics of resonance frequency and dissipation in solid 4He.
  • Characterize the nature of the observed ultraslow evolution toward equilibrium.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a torsional oscillator to measure resonance frequency f(T) and dissipation D(T) in solid 4He.
  • Analyzed relaxation times and dynamics using generalized rotational susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • Observed rapid increases in relaxation times for both f(T) and D(T) upon entering the supersolid state.
  • Detected complex, synchronized ultraslow relaxation processes in both dissipation and a component of frequency.
  • Found quantitative inconsistencies with simple excitation freeze-out models due to large variations in frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The observed glassy dynamics in solid 4He are inconsistent with simple freeze-out transitions.
  • Amorphous solid 4He may represent a novel supersolid phase.
  • Dynamical excitations within the solid could be controlling the superfluid phase stiffness.