Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Light-Driven EDA-APEX Approach: A One-Pot Access to Phenanthrenes and Naphthalenes.

Organic letters·2026

Same author

Illuminating Synergistic Catalysis: SET-HAT Unlocks Proximal C-H Arylation of Aromatic Amines.

JACS Au·2026

Same author

Organocatalytic Visible-Light-Driven Metallomimetic Charge Transfer Process: Application in C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-N Bond Formation.

Organic letters·2026

Same author

Photoexcited Palladium-Catalyzed C-N Bond Formation: A Unified Approach for N-Arylation of NH-Sulfoximines.

Organic letters·2025

Same author

Photoinduced Direct Formylation of Anilines: Aerobic Oxidation Using an Odd Alternate Hydrocarbon Phenalenyl-Based Photocatalyst.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2025

Same author

Recent Advances in the Development of Greener Methodologies for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles.

Current topics in medicinal chemistry·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

On catalysis by ionic liquids.

Asit K Chakraborti¹, Sudipta Raha Roy

¹Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India. akchakraborti@niper.ac.in

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 6, 2009

Summary

Ionic liquids (ILs) activate electrophiles and nucleophiles via cooperative hydrogen bonds and charge interactions. This mechanism, observed in O-t-Boc formation, involves specific IL ions and hydrogen bonding.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 23, 2018

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 23, 2018

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Physical Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile solvents and catalysts.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of IL catalysis is crucial for designing efficient chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular-level mechanism of catalysis by an ionic liquid ([bmim][OAc]) for O-t-Boc formation.
To investigate the role of specific ionic liquid components and interactions in the catalytic process.

Main Methods:

Spectroscopic techniques including 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy were employed.
Mass spectrometry techniques such as MALDI-TOF-TOF MS and MS-MS were utilized for ion analysis.

Main Results:

A proposed mechanism of
electrophile nucleophile dual activation
was identified.
Cooperative hydrogen bonds and charge-charge interactions were found to be key.
The involvement of the C-2 hydrogen and AcO(-) anion of [bmim][OAc] was confirmed.
Hydrogen-bonded clusters were detected using mass spectrometry.

Conclusions:

The study reveals a detailed molecular mechanism for IL-catalyzed O-t-Boc formation.
The findings highlight the importance of synergistic interactions between IL ions and reactants.
This work provides insights into the rational design of IL catalysts.