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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
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Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Sequence, structure, function, immunity: structural genomics of costimulation.

Kausik Chattopadhyay1, Eszter Lazar-Molnar, Qingrong Yan

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural biology reveals how costimulatory receptors and ligands modulate immune responses. High-resolution structures offer mechanistic insights into immune signaling and cellular integration, paving the way for future research.

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Costimulatory receptors and ligands are crucial for regulating immune responses.
  • Understanding their interactions is key to controlling immune cell activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural insights into costimulatory molecules.
  • To outline future directions for structural and mechanistic analysis of costimulation.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution structural analysis of costimulatory receptor:ligand complexes.
  • Integration of structural data with cellular physiology.
  • Development of strategies for future structural determination and in vivo studies.

Main Results:

  • Structural studies define specificity, affinity, and valency of costimulatory interactions.
  • Revealed architectural features important for signaling integration.
  • Highlighted the role of structure in designing mutant molecules for in vivo studies.

Conclusions:

  • Structural biology provides critical mechanistic insights into immune costimulation.
  • Future structural and mechanistic analyses will advance understanding of immune regulation.
  • An integrated 'atoms-to-animals' approach is proposed for comprehensive analysis.