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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
09:14

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Ankle instability.

Nicholas A Ferran1, Francesco Oliva, Nicola Maffulli

  • 1Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK. nferran@uku.co.uk

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
|May 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute ankle sprains can lead to chronic instability if not properly managed. Treatment focuses on functional management for acute injuries and surgical intervention for chronic cases when conservative methods fail, prioritizing anatomic ligament repair.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Acute ankle sprains are prevalent, with lateral injuries being most common.
  • Inadequate treatment can lead to chronic ankle instability.
  • Medial ankle instability and deltoid ligament injuries are rare, often associated with fractures or dislocations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current management strategies for acute and chronic ankle sprains.
  • To discuss surgical indications and techniques for ligamentous ankle injuries.
  • To emphasize the importance of anatomic repair and reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ankle sprain management.
  • Discussion of conservative versus surgical treatment options.
  • Evaluation of different surgical techniques, including nonanatomic and anatomic reconstructions.

Main Results:

  • Functional management is the primary treatment for acute lateral ankle sprains.
  • Surgical repair is reserved for athletes with acute injuries or chronic instability unresponsive to conservative care.
  • Anatomic repair or reconstruction with autograft/allograft is recommended over nonanatomic tenodesis for better long-term outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Anatomic repair of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments is preferred when feasible.
  • Anatomic reconstruction is indicated for attenuated ligaments.
  • Ankle arthroscopy should be considered during repair or reconstruction to address intra-articular pathology.